Interactive research results
Explore the main results of the hope and antisemitism papers. Each display identifies its sample, statistical measure, and source. No participant-level data are published here.
Hope and conflict-related attitudes before and after October 7
A two-wave panel of 129 Israeli Jewish participants, surveyed in 2021 and in the third week of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.
2021 baseline → October 2023 follow-up. The baseline was not immediately before the attacks. The same participants contributed data at both waves.
Mean scores at the two waves
Estimated marginal means · N = 129 · Scale 1–7
Select a point or bar to inspect its value. All values are also available in the table.
| Measure | 2021 | October 2023 |
|---|---|---|
| Hope for victory | 5.03 | 6.56 |
| Hope for peace | 4.99 | 3.56 |
| Support for extreme war policies | 3.67 | 5.05 |
| Violent intentions | 3.07 | 4.07 |
All scales range from 1 to 7. The points represent adjusted group means, not individual trajectories. Exact uncertainty intervals for these adjusted means are not supplied numerically in the figure and are not reconstructed here.
Study design and source notes
The second wave took place in the third week of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, after October 7. The baseline was in 2021, not immediately before the attacks. Repeated-measures analyses controlled for the original 2021 experimental condition. These observational changes should not be interpreted as an experimental effect of October 7.
The paper also reports bivariate latent change score models linking changes in hope for victory with changes in extreme war support and violent intentions. The within-wave correlations above are not those latent change estimates.
Source discrepancy requiring confirmation. The mean-score view excludes support for compromise pending author confirmation: Table 7 prints 3.47 for the 2023 mean, whereas Figure 3 prints 2.47 and the narrative describes a decrease. Correlations involving compromise are retained as printed in Table 7. Figure 3 contains adjusted means; its minor differences from Table 7 for other variables are preserved, not reconciled.
Distributions of reported antisemitic experiences
How frequently did participants report each experience? Compare the published response distributions or select one item for a closer view.
Germany · December 2022 to March 2023, before October 7. Survey N = 420; valid responses to the Figure 1 items range from 412 to 419. Exact item-specific denominators are not supplied in the figure.
Response distributions by item
Published percentages of valid responses to each item
Select a point or bar to inspect its value. All values are also available in the table.
| Experience | Never | Rarely | Sometimes | Often | Very often |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treated with less courtesy | 41% | 35% | 19% | 4% | 2% |
| Threatened/harassed | 58% | 31% | 9% | 1% | 1% |
| Poor service in restaurants/stores | 69% | 23% | 6% | 1% | 1% |
| Not part of German society | 29% | 24% | 28% | 14% | 5% |
| Heard conspiracy theories about Jews | 7% | 12% | 23% | 31% | 28% |
| Heard antisemitic comments from public figures | 8% | 27% | 39% | 16% | 10% |
| Different behavior when identified as Jewish | 10% | 21% | 32% | 24% | 13% |
| Blamed for Israel's policies | 13% | 15% | 21% | 27% | 24% |
Percentages are transcribed from the printed labels in Figure 1. Two rows sum to 101% because of rounding. In the all-item view, segment widths alone are rescaled to fit 100%; labels, tables, and downloads retain the published values.
Shani et al. (2025), Figure 1, p. 7. Eight selected items are shown. The item “Called names/insulted” is not reconstructed because the figure does not label its final response category. No missing percentage is inferred.
Antisemitism and psychosocial outcomes
Compare the correlations of antisemitic experiences, perceived prevalence, and vigilance with subjective wellbeing, anxiety, depression, and social participation.
Everyday antisemitism and psychosocial outcomes
Bivariate Pearson correlations, including nonsignificant estimates
Select a point or bar to inspect its value. All values are also available in the table.
| Measure | Outcome | Pearson r | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Everyday antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.30 | [−0.39, −0.20] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.38 | [0.28, 0.46] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Depression | 0.35 | [0.25, 0.43] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Social participation | −0.19 | [−0.29, −0.09] |
Higher scores indicate more of each construct. Negative correlations with wellbeing or participation and positive correlations with anxiety or depression indicate poorer outcomes. The chart includes nonsignificant estimates and does not establish causal direction.
Shani et al. (2025), Supplementary Table S1; see also Figure 2. Cross-sectional survey, N = 420 overall. Exact pairwise sample sizes are not assumed. Confidence intervals are reproduced from Supplementary Table S1, not recalculated.
All 20 correlations and interpretation
These are unadjusted associations. In the paper’s separate multivariable regressions, everyday antisemitism remained significantly associated with all four outcomes after Holm–Bonferroni adjustment; the other focal predictors did not. See Results, Section 3.4.
The intervals are rounded as published. A displayed endpoint of 0.00 should not be used to reconstruct the exact significance test.
| Measure | Outcome | Pearson r | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Everyday antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.30 | [−0.39, −0.20] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.38 | [0.28, 0.46] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Depression | 0.35 | [0.25, 0.43] |
| Everyday antisemitism | Social participation | −0.19 | [−0.29, −0.09] |
| Subtle antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.09 | [−0.20, 0.01] |
| Subtle antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.33 | [0.23, 0.42] |
| Subtle antisemitism | Depression | 0.17 | [0.07, 0.27] |
| Subtle antisemitism | Social participation | −0.08 | [−0.18, 0.02] |
| Collective antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.08 | [−0.18, 0.02] |
| Collective antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.27 | [0.17, 0.36] |
| Collective antisemitism | Depression | 0.15 | [0.05, 0.25] |
| Collective antisemitism | Social participation | −0.07 | [−0.17, 0.03] |
| Perceived prevalence of antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.17 | [−0.27, −0.07] |
| Perceived prevalence of antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.11 | [0.00, 0.21] |
| Perceived prevalence of antisemitism | Depression | 0.21 | [0.11, 0.31] |
| Perceived prevalence of antisemitism | Social participation | −0.12 | [−0.22, −0.01] |
| Vigilance against antisemitism | Subjective wellbeing | −0.08 | [−0.18, 0.03] |
| Vigilance against antisemitism | Anxiety | 0.16 | [0.06, 0.26] |
| Vigilance against antisemitism | Depression | 0.14 | [0.04, 0.24] |
| Vigilance against antisemitism | Social participation | −0.19 | [−0.29, −0.09] |
Additional results and methods
The earlier study correlations, profile results, and synthetic demonstration remain available below.
Additional results: hope in Studies 1 and 2
Hope correlations in Studies 1 and 2
Compare hope for peace and hope for victory in their associations with conflict-related attitudes. These are bivariate correlations, not adjusted regression coefficients.
Support for compromise
Study 1 · Israeli Jews
| Outcome | Hope for peace | Hope for victory |
|---|---|---|
| Support for compromise | 0.52 | -0.13 |
| Support for extreme war policies | -0.42 | 0.17 |
| Violent intentions | -0.19 | 0.20 |
Source: Shani et al. (2024), Table 1. Selected results, rounded as published. Study 1’s Table 1 sample-size note is inconsistent with the reported sample size elsewhere; exact pairwise sample sizes are not assumed and no confidence intervals are reconstructed.
Additional results: antisemitism and identity profiles
Antisemitism and identity profiles
Explore reported mean outcomes across the three profiles in the German Jewish survey. The profile analysis used 344 complete cases out of 420 respondents.
Subjective wellbeing across profiles
Reported mean scores · Nonprobability sample · Cross-sectional study
| Profile | n | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| High identity · High antisemitism | 181 | 4.62 | 1.15 |
| Low identity · Low antisemitism | 29 | 4.22 | 1.22 |
| Average identity · Low antisemitism | 134 | 4.76 | 1.14 |
Profiles are patterns, not diagnoses. They are not population prevalence estimates or fixed types of Jewish people. This display does not classify visitors. Scores on different outcome measures should not be compared directly.
Source: Shani, Goldberg, & van Zalk (2025), Table 2 and Section 3.5. Means and standard deviations are reproduced as reported; no inferential statistics are recalculated.
Methods demonstration: synthetic correlations
Synthetic correlation demonstration
Move the slider to explore a linear association. Every point below is generated for this demonstration. It does not represent a participant or a result from the lab.
A mathematical example, not research data
150 synthetic points
There is no substantive meaning to X or Y in this demonstration. A stronger correlation does not establish causality, and a weak linear correlation does not rule out a nonlinear relationship.